A. Multiple qualitative and mixed-methods evaluations of MPH programs enrolling students from low- and middle-income countries report that graduates apply public-health competencies to effect leadership, management changes, workplace innovations, and even national-level policy contributions—outcomes aligned with health-system strengthening goals [Zwanikken et al., 2016, PMID 27549226; Zwanikken et al., 2014, PMID 25099707].