A  

Yes. Numerous experimental and clinical studies show that epileptic seizures provoke production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and that these cytokines, in turn, modulate neuronal excitability and epileptogenesis, indicating a clear role for cytokines in epilepsy [Li, 2011, 21216630; Kamali, 2021, 33200702].