B

The study found that the survival advantage (lower rates of multiple organ failure and nosocomial infection) observed in females persisted in both pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women, despite the marked differences in circulating sex-hormone levels after menopause. This indicates that factors other than hormonal differences are likely responsible for the observed gender dimorphism following injury and hemorrhagic shock [Sperry, 2008, PMID:18496363].